Multipurpose 

Multipurpose Aerospace System (MAKS)

MAKS multipurpose aerospace system has a number of fundamental advantages. In the first place it is a capability of putting payloads into any inclination orbits, high operation efficiency and low operational cost and absence of necessity to alienate areas under fields of fall of construction components.

Unlike the rocket systems tied to few space vehicle launching sites and limited in orbit choice, MAKS may be used for emergency rescue of space object crews or for urgent aerial reconnaissance of regions of technogene and natural extraordinary situations.

NPO MOLNIYA began to realize the MAKS project in the 1980s before the BURAN orbiter first flight using the experience and results of work on the SPIRAL project, the BOR experimental flight vehicles and the BURAN. Up to date the main components of the orbital stage construction have been worked up, external fuel tank mock-up has been made, significant work has been already done on the propulsion system MAKS consists of the subsonic carrier aircraft and an orbital stage with an external fuel tank mounted on it As the first stage the An-225 MRIA aircraft originally intended for the BURAN transportation is used.

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MAKS orbiter RD-701 engines External fuel tank MAKS orbiter full scale model

The second stage of the system has three modifications: MAKS-OS, MAKS-T and MAKS-M. The MAKS-OS second stage consists of a reusable orbital vehicle and an expendable fuel tank. The main propulsion engine includes two RD-701 engines using three-component fuel (liquid hydrogen, kerosene, and liquid oxygen). The base manned variant of the MAKS-OS vehicle has a two-seat crew cabin.

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The MAKS versions for transport-technical provision are developed. TTO-1 version is equipped with a docking module and the second four-seat pressurized cabin. TTO-2 version is intended for delivery in an unpressurized equipment compart-ment mounted on the external side of orbital stations.

The MAKS-T modification with the expendable unmanned second stage is intended to put into orbit heavy (up to 18 tons) payloads. It uses the same external fuel tank, as in MAKS-OS, where the propulsion engine with payload closed by fairing is installed instead of the orbital vehicle.

The MAKS-M second stage is the reusable unmanned orbital vehicle. The MAKS-M fuel tanks are included in the vehicle construction.

MAKS-M - the development of which is connected with solving complex technological problems is regarded as possible further direction of MAKS concept when the first two modifications were fully developed.

As fast as MAKS-OS, -T and -M are created they should be incorporated into the joint operation on the basis of a common carrier aircraft and the ground infrastructure. Reusability of their components and the high degree of orbital stage unification provide achievement of the main aim for developers drastic reduction of the transport space operation cost compared with the existing systems.

For decrease of technical risk of the full-scale MAKS creation and regular time distribution of financial expenditures the production of a comparatively inexpensive experimental technology demonstrator system was considered necessary.

Researches on the first demonstrator version (RADEM) were carried out by NPO MOLNIYA together with British Aerospace, ANTK Antonov and TCAGI under sponsorship of the European Space Agency (ESA) in 1993-94.

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The up-to-date version of the MAKS-D demonstrator was also developed using what was already done on the RADEM and on the basis of the MAKS-OS construction and aerodynamic configuration. The experimental vehicle takeoff weight - 62,3 tons, landing weight - 12,8 tons. Unlike RADEM, the MAKS-D suborbital vehicle propulsion engine consists of only one oxygen-kerosene engine that not only simplifies the project, but also increases the demonstrator power capability at the given tank volumes. Wide unification of MAKS-D and MAKS-OS vehicles onboard systems is stipulated.

The accepted MAKS-D concept stipulates a possibility to use it for putting into orbit of small payloads. For this purpose the system is supplemented by a rocket stage. With the aid of the demonstrator the technologies and components of the MAKS launch system will be worked up and the carrier prestart manoeuvre, stages separation, an initial phase of launch and the orbital stage automatic landing will be researched in real conditions. Besides it may be used as a flying laboratory for advanced air-breathing engine tests.

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Reusable aerospace systems are developed now in many countries, however, in opinion of a number of foreign experts Russia has advanced on this way farther than its competitors. The possession of such system as MAKS would help Russia to take firm position in the space service market at the beginning of the new century.

Main characteristics of the MAKS modifications

Modifications MAKS-OS MAKS-T MAKS-M
Take-off mass,tons 620 620 620
Second stage mass, tons 275 275 275
Orbital vehicle mass, tons 27 - -
Orbital vehicle crew 2 - -

Payload compartment dimensions:

length, m 6.8 (8.7) 13 7
diameter, m 2.6 (3.0) 5 4.6

Mass of payload (tons) put into orbit H=200 km with inclination angle

I=51 degrees 8.3 (9.5) 18 5.5
I=0 degrees - 19.5 7.0
Geostationary orbit - up to 5 -

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More detailed information may be found in selected chapters from Aerospace Systems: Book of Technical Papers under edition of G.E.Lozino-Lozinsky and A.G.Bratukhin. - Moscow: Publishing House of Moscow Aviation Institute, 1997. - 416 pp., ill.:

- "Strategy and Prospect of Development of Reusable Space Transport Systems" by Dr. Lozino-Lozinsky G.E.;

CREATION AIRFRAME OF THE BURAN ORBITAL SPACESHIP
- "Creation of the BURAN Spaceship - One of Important Technological Problems of the Aviation Industry" by Dr. Bratukhin A.G.;
- "The NPO MOLNIYA Experimental Plant. Main Direction of Activity" by Bashilov A.S.;
- "Tushinsky Machine-Building Plant" by Zverev N.K., Arutyunov S.G.;
- "Development of Configuration of the Orbital Spaceship" by Ushakov V.M.;
- "Main Aspects of Aerodynamic Designing the BURAN Orbital Spaceship" by Naboishchikov G.F. (and full Russian COLOR Version);

- "Trajectories of BURAN Orbiter’s Descent and Landing Algorithms of the Automatic Guidance and Control" by Dr. Kirpisñhikov V.P. (and full Russian COLOR Version);
- "Guidance and Control of Orbital Plane" by  Trufakin V.A.;
- "The Full-Scale Stand of the Equipment and the Piloting-Dynamic Training Stand" by Nekrasov O.N.;
- "Simulation on the Piloting-Research Complex in the Cosmonaut Training Center" by Gorbatenko V.V, Shurov A.I., Vaskov A.S.;

- "BURAN Orbiter Horizontal Flight Tests" by General Mikoyan S.A.;
- "BURAN with a Crew on Board" by Bachurin I.I.;
- "Problems and Way of Creation of the Automatic Landing Complex" by Balashov M.P.;

- "Structure of the BURAN Orbiter" by Dr. Tarasov A.T.;
- "The Doors of the Payload Bay of the BURAN Orbital Spaceship" by Stepanov A.P.;

- "Metal Materials in a the Structure of the BURAN Spaceship's Airtrame" by Sergeev K.N., Shalin R.E., Bulgakova S.G.;
- "Non-Metallic Structural Materials of the BURAN Orbital Spaceship" by Gutman I.P., Kulikova G.V.;
- "Non-Metallic Materials in the BURAN Orbital Spaceship" by Vulfovich L.V., Kurochka G.M.;
- "Automated Technology of Assembly-Welding of the BURAN   Spaceship Cocpit" by Ryazantsev V.I., Kovyazina S.I.;

-"Thermal Designing of the BURAN Orbital Spaceship" by Voinov L.P.;
-"Design and Experimental Development of the BURAN Thermal Protection" by Timoshenko V.P.;
-"The Heat Protection Structure of the Reusable Orbital Spaceship" by Dr. Gofin M.Ya.;
- "Technology for Continuous Structures of Discrete Quartz Fibre" by Prilepsky V.N.;

- "Automated Systems of Designing, Mathematical Modeling and Manufacturing for the BURAN Orbital Spaceship" by Osin M.I.;
- "Gas Dynamic Non-Stationary Loads on the BURAN Orbital Spaceship" by Rozanov I.G.;
- "Strength of the BURAN Orbital Spaceship's Structure" by Dr. Tarasov A.T.;
- "Main Directions of Technology Development at Creation of the BURAN Spaceship" by Podkolsin V.G., Chernousov V.N.;
- "Technological Preparation to Manufacturing the BURAN Spaceship" by Chernousov V.N.;

- "Technology of the Indestructible Check and Technical Diagnostics of the BURAN Orbital Spaceship" by Konnov V.V.;
- "Methods and Means of the Pressurization Check for the BURAN Structure" by Chernousov V.N.;
- "Radio-Navigational Maintenance of the Atmospheric Descent and Landing of the BURAN Orbital Spaceship" by Shcharensky V.A.;
- "The Information Display System of Information and Control for the BURAN Reusable Orbital Spaceship" by Mushkarev Yu.G.;

- "The Control of the Onboard Complex of Equipment" by Karimov A.G.;
- "The Electrical Distribution and Switching System" by Kornilov V.A.;
- "Ensuring Electromagnetic Compatibility of the BURAN Equipment" by Kornilov V.A.;
- "Features of the Antennas Installation on the BURAN Orbital  Spaceship" by Kornilov V.A.;
- "Auxiliary Power Plant of the Orbital Spaceship" by Saenko V.I.;

- "Hydraulic System and Drives" by Fomin N.L.;
-"Cabin" by Dr. Fedotov V.A., Novikov V.K. (pictures for this chapter);
- "Ensuring Reliability and Safety of the BURAN Orbital Spaceship" by Chaly B.V., Yarigin Yu.N.;
-"Air Transportation" by Dr. Fedotov V.A. (and full Russian COLOR Version);

- "Landing Complex for the BURAN Orbital Spaceship" by Yakhno V.A., Studnev V.V.;
- "Experimental Development of the BURAN Orbital Spaceship" by Shabanov V.K.;

- "Conversion of the Aerospace Technologies Assists NPO MOLNIYA to Survive and Return to Space" by Dr. Gofin M.Ya.;

FROM SPIRAL TO MAKS
- "Analysis of Various Concepts of the Reusable Space Transportat Systems" by Dr. Dudar E.N.;
- "Horizontal Take-off Two-Stage Aerospace Transport Systems" by Kutyakin E.P.;
- "The SPIRAL Orbital Plane and the BOR-4 and BOR-5 Flying Models" by General Mikoyan S.A.;
- "The MAKS Multipurpose Aerospace System" by Skorodelov V.A.;

- "The MAKS-D Experimental Aerospace System" by Skorodelov V.A.;
- "Thermal Designing of the Orbital Planes" by Voinov L.P.;
- "Gas Dynamic and Thermal Designing of the Aerospace Planes" by Sokolov V.E.;
- "The MAKS Orbital Plane's Wing Deflection as a Means of the Aerodynamic Optimization on All Modes of the Flight" by Terekhin V.A.;
- "The MAKS Flight Performance" by Dudar E.N., Lobzova T.A.;
- "Features of the MAKS Structure" by Dr. Tarasov A.T.;
- "Metal Materials for the Advanced Aerospace Systems" by Sergeev K.N., Bulgakova S.G.;

- "Advanced Non-Metallic Materials for the Cryogenic Aerospace Structures" by Vulfovich L.V., Kurochka G.M.;
- "Features of the Information Provision of the Aerospace System" by Risenberg V.H.;
- "The MAKS Onboard Starting Complex" by Mushkarev Yu.G.;
- "The MAKS Onboard Control Complex" by Balashov M.P., Gordiyko S.V., Karimov A.G.;
- "Main Principles of the MAKS Control Organization" by Nekrasov O.N., Korovin K.G.;
- "Missions of the Aerospace Systems" by Tsarev V.A.;
- "Technical-Economic Investigations on the Efficiency of Reusable Aerospace Systems" by Kosinsky Yu.M.;
- "The Tri-plane Aircraft as the Means of the MAKS Efficiency Improvement" by Dr. Lozino-Lozinsky G.E.;
- "Technical Inventions in the NPO MOLNIYA" by Gusinsky I.I.;

- "Scientific Potential of the NPO MOLNIYA" by Fedotov V.A.


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